He pai te whakamahi i ngā tīwiri me ngā nati whakawera?

Me hiahia koe ki ngā taputapu e roa ana te ora. Ko ngā tīwiri me ngā nati piauau he roa ake te ora i ngā whiringa whakakikoruatia ki te konutea, inā koa ki waho. Tirohia ngā tau i raro nei:

Ki te whakamahi koe i te mea tikaNgā Taputapu Whakarewa Tīwiri me te Nati, ka whiwhi koe i te tiakitanga pono.Ngā Taputapu Whakarewahe rerekētanga mārama kei roto i te manawanui.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ngā tīwiri me ngā nati piauauhe roa ake te mau i ngā kōwhiringa whakakikoruatia ki te konutea, he mea tino pai mō ngā kaupapa o waho.
• Mā te paninga konutea i runga i ngā whakapiripiri kua whakakikoruatia ka whakaratohiaātete pai rawa atu ki te waikura, hei tiaki i a rātou mai i te waikura i ngā taiao kino.
• Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu kua whakakikoruatia ka taea te penapena utu i roto i te wā nā te iti ake o ngā mahi tiaki me ngā whakakapinga.

Ngā Painga Matua o ngā Wiri me ngā Nati Pirau

Ātete ki te Waikura

Me roa ō tīwiri me ō nati, inā koa i ngā taiao uaua.Ngā here whakakoihe paninga konutea hei tiaki i a rātou mai i te waikura. Ka mahi tēnei paparanga hei whakangungu rakau i te makuku me ngā matū. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ēnei tīwiri me ngā nati i waho, i ngā wāhi makuku, i te taha rānei o te moana.

I roto i ngā tau e rua, i tirotirohia e te rangahau te mahi waikura o ngā pūtu maitai whakapūmau i roto i te taiao moana. I kitea he iti noa te tiaki a te paninga konutea ki te papa maitai o raro, ā, ahakoa te hanganga o te paparanga waikura matotoru, he mea nui te pakaru o te whakapiri, e tohu ana i te ngawari ki te tango i ngā kiri me te tango pea i ngā miro.

Kāore te maitai piauau e rite ana ki te ātete waikura o te maitai kore waikura, engari he pai ake te tiaki i te maitai noa. Ka kitea te rerekētanga i te ripanga i raro nei:

Te Manawanui mō te Wā Roa

Me whai taputapu e tu ana i te whakamātautau o te wā.Ngā tīwiri me ngā nati piauauHe roa ake te mau o ēnei i ngā mea kua whakakikoruatia ki te konutea. Mā te paninga konutea ka āwhina i a rātou ki te ātete i ngā taiao haukū me ngā huarere kino. Ka taea e koe te whakawhirinaki ki a rātou mō ngā kaupapa o waho pērā i ngā taiepa, ngā piriti, me ngā papa.

• He kaha me te roa ngā mahi a ngā tīwiri piauau taumaha mō ngā kaupapa o waho.
• He kōwhiringa iti te utu hei whakakapi i te kowiri tira, ā, he mea whai hua mō ngā mahi maha.
• He whai hua ngā tīwiri piauau mō ngā kaupapa o waho nā te mea he paninga konutea tō rātou, e āwhina ana ki te ātete i ngā taiao makuku me te huarere kino.
• He hononga kaha tēnei mō ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā taiapa, ā, he mea pakari mō ngā mahi o waho.

Ka taea e koe te whakarite i te roanga o te ora o ngā momo whakapiripiri:

• Ngā tīwiri whakakikoruatia ki te konutea: 10-15 tau ki roto i te whare, 1-3 tau ki waho i ngā wāhi e kitea ana.
• Ngā tīwiri whakarewa wera-toia: Neke atu i te 50 tau i roto i te whare, 10-20 tau i waho, 5-7 tau i te taha o te moana.
• Ngā tīwiri kowiri tira 304: Ka mau tonu i roto i te whare mō tōna oranga katoa, 30+ tau i waho, 10-15 tau i ngā wāhi moana.
• 316 ngā tīwiri kowiri tira: He roa te ora i roto i te nuinga o ngā taiao, neke atu i te 25 tau i te taha o te moana.
• Ngā tīwiri parahi silicon: 50+ tau i roto i ngā wai tote.

Ka roa te mau o ngā tīwiri me ngā nati kōwiri i roto i ngā taiao maha mō ngā tekau tau. E whakaatu ana te tūtohi i raro nei i te roa e taea ai e koe te tumanako ka mau:

Ngā Penapena Utu i te Wā

Ka penapena moni koe mā te whiriwhiri i ngā tīwiri me ngā nati kua whakakikoruatia. He iti ake te tiaki me te whakakapinga mō ēnei whakapiri. He iti ake te whakapaunga mō ngā whakatikatika me ngā mahi i roto i ngā tau.

• He iti ake ngā utu tiaki: He iti noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana mō te maitai piauau i tōna roanga o te oranga, ā, he nui ngā penapena i ngā whakapaunga tiaki.
• Roa te Ora: Mā te roa o te ora o te maitai piauau ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā whakakapinga pinepine, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te penapena utu.

Ka nui ake te uara mō tō haumitanga. Mā ngā taputapu kōwiri ka āwhina i a koe ki te karo i ngā utu ohorere, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha o ō kaupapa mō ngā tau.

Te Rerekētanga i roto i ngā Taiao Rerekē

He maha ngā wāhi ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tīwiri me ngā nati kua whakakikoruatia. He pai te mahi i waho, i ngā wāhi mākū, me ngā wāhi e rerekē ana te āhuarangi. Nā te paninga konutea, he mea pai mō ngā mahi hanga me ngā mahi o waho.

He tino pai ngā tīwiri me ngā nati piauau i roto i ngā taiao o waho me ngā taiao makuku nui nā te mea he roa ake te mau me te ātete ki te waikura, ā, he mea pai ēnei mō ngā kaupapa hanga me ngā kaupapa o waho.

He maha ngā ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā taputapu kua whakakikoruatia nā te mea ka urutau ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ka kitea ētahi whakamahinga noa i te ripanga i raro nei:

Ka taea e koe te whakawhirinaki ki te mahi a ngā tīwiri me ngā nati piauau i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, mai i ngā pāmu ki ngā wheketere ki ngā whare takutai moana.

Ngā Huakore Matua o ngā Taputapu Pirau

Te Mōrearea o te Whakangote Hauwai

Me mōhio koe mōte pakarukaru hauwaii mua i te whiriwhiri i ngā tīwiri me ngā nati kua whakakikoruatia. Ka puta tēnei raruraru ina uru te hauwai ki roto i te konganuku, ā, ka pakarukaru. Ka taea e te konganuku pakarukaru te pakarukaru, te pakaru rānei i raro i te taumahatanga.

He maha ngā āhuatanga ka whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te pakarukaru hauwai:

• Ka puta te hauwai i runga i ngā mata whakarewa i te waikura, inā koa i ngā taiao waikawa, tote rānei.
• He mea nui te makuku, inā koa i ngā wāhi he nui te makuku.
• Ka taea e te pānga o te hauwai te tere ake te urunga mai o te hauwai ki roto i te tinana nā te mea he wāhi hangahanga tō te tinana, pērā i te mahi i ngā wā makuku.
• Ka piki ake te mōrearea i ngā āhuatanga ratonga e kore e tino mārama, e teitei rānei te haumākū.

Ka nui ake anō hoki tō tūponotanga ina tupu ngātahi ēnei mea e toru:

1. Kei reira te hauwai.
2. Kei raro te whakapiri i te kawenga, i te ahotea rānei tonu.
3. He ngawari te whakamahi i tēnei rauemi, inā koa te maitai kaha-teitei.

Ka taea e te taumahatanga ohorere i te wā tāutanga te whakakī i ngā tīwiri, ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka pakarukaru. Me whakahaere tonu e koe ngā pūtake taumahatanga, me te karo i te whakakī rawa i ngā here.

Tohutohu:Ki te whakamahi koe i ngā whakapiripiri piauau i roto i ngā taiao maku, waikura rānei, tirohia mēnā he tohu o te ngatata, o te ngaronga rānei o te kaha i roto i te wā.

Ngā Take Whakamau i te Matotoru o te Paninga Konutea

He matotoru te paninga konutea o ngā tīwiri me ngā nati kua whakakikoruatia. Ka ārai tēnei paninga i te waikura, engari ka raru pea ina ngana koe ki te whakapiri i ngā wāhanga. Ka uaua te uru o ngā tīwiri me ngā nati ki roto i ngā kōhao, i ngā miro rānei nā te matotoru o te paparanga konutea.

Ka whakatakotohia e ngā paerewa ahumahi he rohe mō te matotoru o te paninga konutea hei ārai i ngā raruraru whakapiri. Ko te whakakikorua konutea he paparanga angiangi, he kanapa, he pai mō ngā whakapiri iti i ngā āhuatanga ngawari. Ko te whakakikorua wera-tuku ka hanga he paparanga matotoru ake, ka pai ake te mahi i roto i ngā taiao uaua engari ka uaua ake te whakapiri.

• Ko te matotoru iti rawa o te whakakikorua konutea arumoni he 0.00015 inihi.
• Mā te whakakikorua i te wai wera ka mātotoru ake, ka pakari ake hoki te paninga, tata ki te 1.0 mm te matotoru.
• He pai te mahi a ngā here whakakikoruatia konutea i ngā taiao ngawari, engari he pai ake ngā here whakakikoruatia wera-toia mō ngā āhuatanga uaua.

Kāore i te pai mō ngā whakamahinga ahotea nui

Kāore e pai te mahi a ngā tīwiri me ngā nati piauau i roto i ngā mahi taumahatanga nui, i ngā mahi pikaunga rānei. Tērā pea ka kite koe i ngā raruraru pēnei i te ngatata, te pakaru ohorere rānei mēnā ka whakamahia e koe i ngā wāhi e kaha ana te kaha.

He nui ake te mōrearea o te pakarukaru hauwai mō ngā here he kaha kume neke atu i te 150 ksi. Nā tēnei raruraru ka ngaro te ngāwari o te whakarewa, ā, ka pakaru wawe. Ko ngā paerewa ahumahi, pērā i te ASTM A143 me te ASTM F2329, e whakatūpato ana kia kaua e whakamahia ngā here whakarewa wera-tuku mō ngā mahi kaha teitei.

I ngā taiao taumahatanga nui, ka pāngia ngā pūtu whakarewa e te pakaru waikura taumahatanga me te pakaru hauwai. Ka heke pea tō rātou kaha mā te neke atu i te 20% i muri i te whakamahinga roa. Ka piki ake te nui o te hauwai i roto i ēnei pūtu mā te neke atu i te 300%, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka pakaru. Ka pai ake te pupuri a ngā pūtu pania kaha-teitei i ō rātou āhuatanga miihini i raro i te taumahatanga.

Tuhipoka:Mō ngā piriti, ngā mīhini taumaha, ngā tautoko hanganga rānei, me whiriwhiri e koe ngā whakapiri i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi kaha nui pērā i te maitai kore waikura, te maitai koranu rānei.

Ngā Āwangawanga Hototahi ki Ētahi Atu Rauemi

Me whai whakaaro koe ki te hototahitanga ina whakamahi ana i ngā tīwiri me ngā nati kua whakakikoruatia ki ētahi atu rauemi hanga. Ka taea e ētahi huinga te whakaputa waikura, te whakaputa rānei i ngā tauhohenga matū ka ngoikore ai tō kaupapa.

He maha ngā puna motuhake kua whakatūpato ka tere te puta o te waikura mā me te waikura whero ina whakamatautauria ngā whakapiripiri whakarewa wera ki te rakau kāore i tukatukahia ki te arsenate. E ai ki tētahi pūrongo a te EPA, '[t]ētahi whakamātautau tere-pakeke i whakahaerehia e te umanga hanga whare e tohu ana ahakoa ngā taputapu e whakatairanga ana i te ātete pai ake ki te waikura ka tīmata te whakaatu i ngā tohu o te waikura i roto i te 1000 hāora o te whakamātautau tere-pakeke (he rite ki te 16 tau o te whakaurunga o te whakaaturanga) ina whakamahia me te rakau kua tukatukahia ki te ACQ.'

• Kāore pea ngā rakau kua rongoatia ki ngā mea tiaki matū e hototahi ki ngā tīwiri whakakikoruatia ki te konutea me te konumohe.
• Ko ngā whakapiri kowiri tira, ko ngā whao piauau wera rānei i hangaia ki te ASTM A153 Akomanga D, taumaha ake rānei, ka pai ake te whakamahi me ngā rakau kua tukatukahia.
• I te wā e tāpirihia ana ngā panera whakarewa ki te rakau kua tukatukahia, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i tētahi ārai makuku i waenganui i te rakau me te panera.
• Ko ngā whakapiri kāore e hototahi ko ngā tīwiri whakakikoruatia ki te konutea, ngā tīwiri pane konutea-konumohe, me ngā tīwiri taupoki kowiri tira.

Ka taea hoki te puta o ngā tauhohenga matū i waenga i ngā paninga piauau me te raima, inā koa i te wā e whakamaroke ana. Ka tukuna e tēnei tukanga te hau hauwai, ā, ka ngoikore te hononga i waenga i te rebar piauau me te raima. Ka āwhina ngā maimoatanga chromate ki te whakaiti i ēnei raruraru.

Whakatūpato:Me tirotiro tonu te hototahitanga o ō hononga ki ngā rauemi o tō kaupapa. Mā te whakamahi hē i te huinga ka tere te waikura, ka ngoikore ngā hononga, ka pakaru rānei te hanganga.

Āhea te Whakamahi i ngā Wiri me ngā Nati Pirau

Ngā Tono Kaupapa Pai rawa atu

Ka whiwhi koe i te uara nui rawa atu mai ingā tīwiri me ngā nati kua whakakikoruatiai roto i ngā kaupapa e pāngia ana e te huarere, te makuku, te pānga rānei o waho. E taunaki ana ngā tohunga ahumahi i ēnei whakapiri mō ētahi whakamahinga matua:

1. Ngā Kaupapa o WahoKa taea e koe te whakamahi i ngā tīwiri kua whakakikoruatia mō ngā taiepa, ngā papa, me ngā taonga o waho. Mā te ātete ki te waikura ka mau tonu tō mahi ahakoa te ua, te rā rānei.
2. Ngā Kaupapa HangaHe maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria e ngā kaihanga whare ngā whakapiripiri kua whakakikoruatia mō ngā anga hanganga me ngā hanganga whānui. Ka whai hua koe i tōna pakari me te utu iti.
3. Te Mahi Rākau me te PapaHe pai te mahi a ngā tīwiri piauau me te rakau kua rongoatia. Ka āwhina ēnei ki te ārai i ngā paru me ngā kino o te rakau i roto i te wā.

Tohutohu:Ko ngā ture hanga whare e hiahia ana kia whakamahia he whakapiripiri konukōre wera, he maitai kore waikura, he parahi silicon rānei, mō ngā kaupapa e whakamahi ana i te rakau kua rongoatia ki te tiaki. Mō te tuanui, me whakamahi koe i ngā whakapiripiri konukōre hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru.

Āhea te Whakaaroaro i ngā Kōwhiringa Rerekē

Me titiro koe ki ētahi atu momo whakapiri mēnā he nui te ahotea, ngā matū, ngā wai tote rānei kei roto i tō kaupapa. He pai ake te mahi a ngā whakapiri kowiri tira mō ngā taiao moana, tukatuka kai, hauora rānei. He roa ake te mau o ēnei, ā, he pai ake te ātete ki te waikura i te maitai piauau, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao uaua.

Ka tiakina te rino i roto i te wai moana e ngā paninga kōwiri, engari ka tere te memeha o te tote me ngā matū. He pai ake te mahi roa o te rino kore waikura i ēnei wāhi uaua. Kōwhiria te whakapiri tika mō tō taiao kia noho haumaru, kia kaha hoki tō kaupapa.

Te Kōwhiri i ngā Whakamau Pirau Kounga