He aha ngā pūnaha matua o tētahi whare hanga whakarewa kua oti te whakarite?

E toru ngā pūnaha matua o tētahi tipu whakapūmau irahiko. Ka mahi ēnei pūnaha hei whakarite, hei pani, hei whakaoti hoki i te maitai. Ka whakamahia e te tukanga ngā taputapu motuhake pēnei i teTaputapu Whakarewa Wāhanga HangangameNgā Wāhanga Iti Ngā Raina Whakarewa (Robort)He nui te pūmanawa tipu o te mākete whakapūkara wera-toia.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• E toru ngā pūnaha matua o tētahi tipu whakapūmau: te tukatuka i mua, te whakapūmau, me te tukatuka i muri. Ka mahi tahi ēnei pūnaha ki te horoi, ki te pani, me te whakaoti i te maitai.
• Ka horoia te maitai e te pūnaha maimoatanga-mua. Ka tangohia te paru, te hinu, me te waikura. Mā tēnei mahi ka āwhina te konutea kia piri pai ki te maitai.
• Tepūnaha whakapūmauka pania te maitai ki te konutea. Ka whakamatao te maitai i te pūnaha whai muri i te maimoatanga, ā, ka tāpirihia he paparanga tiaki whakamutunga. Mā tēnei ka kaha, ka roa hoki te maitai.

Pūnaha 1: Te Pūnaha i mua i te Maimoatanga

Ko te Pūnaha Maimoatanga-Mua te wāhanga tuatahi me te wāhanga tino nui o tetukanga whakapūmauKo tāna mahi matua he whakarite i tētahi mata maitai tino ma. Mā te mata ma ka taea e te konutea te hanga i tētahi hononga kaha, ōrite ki te maitai. Ka whakamahia e tēnei pūnaha he raupapa o ngā tuku matū hei tango i ngā poke katoa.

Ngā Tāke Whakakore Hinu

Ko te tango hinu te taahiraa horoi tuatahi. Ka tae mai ngā wāhanga maitai ki te wheketere me ngā poke mata pērā i te hinu, te paru, me te ngako. Ka tangohia ēnei matū e ngā tāke tango hinu. Kei roto i ngā tāke ngā otinga matū e wawahi ana i te paru. Ko ngā otinga noa ko:

• Ngā otinga tango hinu kawakore
• Ngā otinga tango hinu waikawa
• Ngā kaiwhakakore hinu kawakore pāmahana teitei

I Amerika Te Raki, he maha ngā mīhini whakarewa e whakamahi ana i ngā wairewa konutai hauwai wera. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahanahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ēnei tāke kawakore ki waenga i te 80-85 °C (176-185 °F). Ka whakapai ake tēnei pāmahana i te whai huatanga o te horoi me te kore e nui te utu pūngao o te kohua wai.

Ngā Tāke Horoi

I muri i ia maimoatanga matū, ka nekehia te maitai ki tētahi tāke horoi. Mā te horoi ka horoia atu ngā matū toenga mai i te tāke o mua. Mā tēnei mahi ka ārai i te poke o te kaukau e whai ake nei i roto i te raupapa. He mea nui te horoi tika mō te whakaotinga kounga.

Paerewa Ahumahi:E ai ki te Paerewa Piki SSPC-SP 8, me ma te wai horoi. Kaua te nui katoa o te waikawa, o te tote rewa rānei e haria ana ki roto i ngā tāke horoi e neke atu i te rua karamu ia rita.

Ngā Tāke Whakapūkara Waikawa

Muri iho, ka maka te maitai ki roto i tētahi tāke whakapūkara waikawa. Kei roto i tēnei tāke he wai waikawa kua whakakīia, ko te waikawa hauwaiora te tikanga. Ko te mahi a te waikawa he tango i te waikura me te unahi mira, arā, ngā waikura rino kei runga i te mata o te maitai. Mā te tukanga whakapūkara ka kitea te maitai tahanga, ma i raro, kia rite ai mō te mahi whakarite whakamutunga.

Ngā Tāke Whakarerekē

Ko te whakakorikori te taahiraa whakamutunga o te maimoatanga o mua. Ka tōia te maitai ma ki roto i tetāke rerekei roto he otinga konutea ammonia pūhaumāota. Ka pania e tēnei otinga he paparanga tioata tiaki ki te maitai. E rua ngā mahi a tēnei paparanga: ka mahi i te horoinga moroiti whakamutunga, ā, ka tiakina te maitai mai i te hāora i te rangi. Ka ārai tēnei kiriata tiaki i te waikura hou i mua i te urunga o te maitai ki roto i te ipu konutea wera.

Pūnaha 2: Te Pūnaha Whakarewa

I muri i te maimoatanga o mua, ka neke te maitai ki te Pūnaha Whakarewa. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei pūnaha he whakamahi i tepaninga konutea tiakiE toru ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei mea: he oumu whakamaroke, he oumu whakapūkara, me te ipu konutea. Ka mahi tahi ēnei wāhanga ki te hanga i te hononga whakarewa i waenga i te maitai me te konutea.

Oumu Whakamaroke

Ko te oumu whakamaroke te tūnga tuatahi o tēnei pūnaha. Ko tana mahi matua he whakamaroke rawa i te maitai i muri i te wāhanga rere. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahanahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere te oumu ki te 200°C (392°F). Ka mimitihia e tēnei pāmahana teitei ngā toenga makuku katoa. He mea nui te tukanga whakamaroke tino pai nā te mea ka ārai i te pahūtanga o te mamaoa i roto i te konutea wera, ā, ka karohia hoki ngā hapa paninga pērā i ngā kōhao iti.

Kei roto i ngā oumu whakamaroke hou ngā hoahoa penapena hiko. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei āhuatanga te whakapaunga wahie, ka whakapai ake hoki i te whai huatanga o te whare whakamaroke.

• Ka taea e rātou te whakamahi i ngā hau putanga mai i te oumu hei whakamahana i te maitai.
• He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia he pūnaha whakaora wera.
• Ka whakarite rātou i te tohatoha wera pai me te ōrite.

Ouma Whakarewa

Ka whakaratohia e te oumu whakapūmau te wera nui e hiahiatia ana hei whakarewa i te konutea. Ka karapotia e ēnei waeine kaha te ipu konutea, ā, ka pupuri i te konutea rewa i te pāmahana tika. Ka whakamahia e ngā oumu ētahi hangarau whakamahana matatau hei whakahaere pai. Ko ngā momo noa ko:

• Ngā Tahu Tere-Teitei e Pupuhi ana i te Pūwero
• Ngā Oumu Whakamahana Ā-Taurangi
• Ngā Oumu Hiko

Haumaru TuatahiHe tino teitei te pāmahana o ngā oumu, ā, he mea nui te haumaru. He mea hanga ēnei me te whakamarumaru pāmahana teitei, ngā pūoko matihiko hei aroturuki i te pāmahana o te ipu, me ngā hoahoa e ngāwari ai te tirotiro i ngā mura me ngā takirere whakahaere.

Kete Konutea

Ko te ipu konutea he ipu nui, tapawhā rite e pupuri ana i te konutea rewa. Kei roto tonu i te oumu whakawera, e whakamahana ana. Me tino pakari te ipu kia tu atu ai i ngā pāmahana teitei tonu me te āhua waikura o te konutea wai. Nā konei, ka hangaia e ngā kaihanga ngā ipu mai i te maitai motuhake, iti-waro, iti-silicon. Ko ētahi pea he arai o roto o te pereki ātete kia roa ake ai te wā.

Pūnaha 3: Te Pūnaha Whai Muri i te Maimoatanga

Ko te Pūnaha Whai Muri i te Maimoatanga te wāhanga whakamutunga o tetukanga whakapūmauKo tāna kaupapa he whakamatao i te maitai kua pania houtia, ā, he tāpiri i tētahi paparanga tiaki whakamutunga. Mā tēnei pūnaha ka whai te hua i te āhua e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka roa te mau. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko ngā tāke tinei me ngā teihana whakakore.

Ngā Tāke Whakatio

I muri i te putanga mai i te ipu konutea, kei te tino wera tonu te maitai, tata ki te 450°C (840°F). Ka tere te whakamatao o te maitai e ngā tāke tinei. Ka mutu te tauhohenga whakarewa i waenga i te konutea me te rino i tēnei whakamatao tere. Mena ka āta whakamatao te maitai i te hau, ka haere tonu tēnei tauhohenga, ka puta he āhua mangu, he kōwhai. Mā te tinei ka āwhina i te pupuri i te āhua kanapa ake, kia ōrite ake. Heoi, kāore ētahi hoahoa maitai e pai mō te tinei nā te mea ka taea e te huringa tere o te pāmahana te whakapiko.

Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā wai rerekē, ngā reo rānei, mō te tinei i runga i te putanga e hiahiatia ana:

• Wai:Ka tere te whakamatao engari ka taea te hanga i ngā tote konutea ka taea te tango ki te mata.
• Ngā hinu:Kia kaua e tino whakamatao te maitai i te wai, kia iti ake ai te tūponotanga o te ngatata me te whakapai ake hoki i te ngāwari.
• Ngā Tote Rewa:Tukuna he tere whakamatao puhoi ake, he tere whakahaere ake, kia whakaitihia ai te hē o te ahua.

Te Whakakore me te Whakaoti

Ko te whakakorenga te maimoatanga matū whakamutunga. Ka pania e tēnei tukanga he paparanga angiangi, kāore e kitea ki te mata kua whakakikoruatia. Ka tiakina e tēnei paparanga te paninga konutea hou mai i te waikura wawe me te hanganga o te "waikura mā" i te wā e rongoatia ana, e kawehia ana hoki.

Tuhipoka Haumaru me te Taiao:I ngā wā o mua, i te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia ngā matū kei roto ko te hexavalent chromium (Cr6) mō te passivation. Heoi, he paitini, he mate pukupuku hoki tēnei matū. Ko ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga pēnei i te US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) e tino whakahaere ana i tōna whakamahinga. Nā ēnei āwangawanga hauora me te taiao, kua whānuitia te whakamahi a te umanga i ngā momo huarahi haumaru ake, pēnei i te trivalent chromium (Cr3+) me ngā passivators kore-chromium.

Mā tēnei taahiraa whakamutunga ka whakarite kiahua whakarewaka tae ki tōna ūnga he ma, he haumaru, ā, kua rite mō te whakamahi.

Ngā Pūnaha Tautoko Matua mō te Whakatipu Katoa

E whakawhirinaki ana ngā pūnaha matua e toru i roto i tētahi tipu whakapūmau i ngā pūnaha tautoko matua kia mahi haumaru ai, kia whai hua ai hoki. Ka whakahaerehia e ēnei pūnaha puta noa i te tipu te nekehanga rauemi, ngā mahi paninga motuhake, me te haumaru taiao. Ka honoa e rātou te tukanga katoa mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga.

Pūnaha Whakahaere Rauemi

Mā te pūnaha whakahaere rauemi ka nekehia ngā hanganga maitai taumaha puta noa i te whare. Me whakamahi ngā kerēne kounga teitei me ētahi atu taputapu mō ngā tipu whakapūmau hou hei whakahaere i te rere o te mahi. Me mau tonu tēnei taputapu i te taumaha o ngā taonga, ā, me tu atu hoki i te wera nui me te pānga o ngā matū.

• Ngā Kēreini
• Ngā Hīki
• Ngā Kawe
• Ngā Kaihiki

Me whai whakaaro ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te kaha kawenga mōrahi o tēnei taputapu. Mō ngā hanganga tino taumaha, he mea pai kia tirohia te mīhini whakarewa kia mōhio ai ka taea e tā rātou pūnaha te whakahaere i te taumaha. Mā tēnei whakamahere ka ārai i ngā whakaroa, ā, ka whakarite kia haumaru te whakahaere.

Taputapu Whakarewa Wāhanga Hanganga

Te whakamahinga o ngā tipuTaputapu Whakarewa Wāhanga Hangangakia rite te paninga konutea ki ngā taonga nunui, ki ngā taonga uaua rānei. Kāore pea e ranea te tukunga paerewa mō ngā wahi he āhua koretake, he mata rānei o roto. Ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu motuhake ngā tikanga matatau, pērā i te nekehanga wāhanga whakahaere, ngā pūnaha rehu aunoa rānei, kia taurite ai te konutea rewa ki ia mata. He mea nui te whakamahi i ngā Taputapu Whakarewa Wahanga Hanganga tika hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa kounga mō ngā taonga pērā i ngā kurupae nunui, i ngā huihuinga uaua rānei. Ko te whakamahinga tika o ngā Taputapu Whakarewa Wahanga Hanganga ka whakarite kia rite te āhua, kia tiakina hoki.

Te Tango me te Maimoatanga o te Auaha

Ka puta he auahi i te tukanga whakapūkara, inā koa mai i ngā tāke whakapūkara waikawa me teipu wera konuteaHe mea nui te pūnaha tango me te maimoatanga o te kohu mō te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me te tiaki i te taiao. Ka hopukina e tēnei pūnaha ngā kohu kino mai i tōna pūtake, ka horoia te hau mā roto i ngā paraihe, i ngā tātari rānei, kātahi ka tukuna ma te haumaru.

Haumaru me te Taiao:Mā te tango paipa pai ka tiakina ngā kaimahi mai i te hongi i ngā kohu matū, ā, ka ārai hoki i te tukunga o ngā poke ki te āhuarangi, kia mōhio ai kei te tutuki te wheketere i ngā ture taiao.

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E toru ngā pūnaha matua e whakauruhia ana e tētahi tipu whakapūmau i mua i te mahi whakapūmau. Ka horoia te maitai i mua i te maimoatanga kia piri ai te konutea. Ka pania te paninga e te pūnaha whakapūmau, ā, ka whakaotihia te hua i muri i te maimoatanga. Ka whakakotahihia te tukanga katoa e ngā pūnaha tautoko, tae atu ki ngā Taputapu Whakapūmau Wāhanga Hanganga. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hou te aunoatanga me ngā tohu mahi matua hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te pumau.